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In joining Mission Innovation, Australia pledged to double government clean energy research and development investment by 2020. Australia supports transparency and early action in setting and declaring baselines.

The baseline we nominated is the 2015 figure reported to the International Energy Agency (IEA) for combined research and development into the following focus areas: renewable energy, energy storage, fuel cells, smart grids, energy efficiency, nuclear and carbon capture and storage. Australia’s total government expenditure in 2015 in these focus areas was approximately AUD $104 million. This excludes research and development spending on fossil fuels other than carbon capture and storage, electricity transmission and distribution networks, recoupable investments made by the Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC), and expenditure on later stage deployment.

The Australian Government recognises that supporting the development, demonstration and deployment of clean energy technologies will help transition the world’s energy sector to low emissions over the course of the century. As the Prime Minister of Australia, the Hon Malcolm Turnbull MP stated during the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, Australia is optimistic that humanity can meet the climate change challenge.

The Australian Government’s commitment to double early stage research and development is complemented by a range of support across the broader innovation chain. On 23 March 2016, the Australian Government announced the establishment of a new AUD $1 billion Clean Energy Innovation Fund (the Fund) to support emerging technologies make the leap from demonstration to commercial deployment. The Fund will provide both debt and equity for clean energy projects such as renewable energy, energy efficiency and low emissions technologies and be jointly managed by the revitalised CEFC and the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA), drawing on their complementary experience and expertise. The Fund will be established from within the CEFC’s AUD $10 billion allocation and make available AUD $100 million a year for ten years. This is part of the Government’s strong commitment to supporting jobs and innovation through investment in clean and renewable energy in Australia. The refocused agencies will work together to provide capital investment and debt finance for Australian businesses and emerging clean energy technologies.

The proportion of Australian households (15 per cent) with rooftop solar photovoltaics (PV) is amongst the highest in the world, and there is high interest in the opportunities for development of new energy storage and battery solutions which will assist to better manage reliable and efficient delivery of electricity. Australia has an ambitious Renewable Energy Target (RET) that will double the installed large-scale renewable energy capacity in Australia by 2020 to ensure around 23 per cent of Australia’s electricity comes from renewable energy by 2020. This is expected to drive over AUD $12 billion in new investment over the next five years. The Australian Government is working with state governments, energy market institutions and industry to support the integration of renewable technologies into the grid.

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) will develop a low emissions technology roadmap in 2016 which will analyse viable alternative technology pathways that could help achieve Australia’s 2030 emissions reduction target, and further emissions reductions in the years beyond. It will consider the potential role that innovative technologies, such as renewable energy, smart grids, carbon capture and storage (CCS), electric vehicles and energy efficiency, could play in Australia’s emission reduction efforts. It will also consider the role of Australian industries in potential supply chains and opportunities to develop local industries where a potential comparative advantage could exist.

Further, the Government has allocated AUD $100 million to support large-scale solar PV projects through the ARENA competitive funding round, which supports the solar PV industry in closing the current gap that exists between large-scale solar PV and other commercially competitive forms of power generation such as onshore wind energy. This builds on the AUD $21.5 million funding provided in 2014 to support 12 cutting edge solar research and development projects, ranging from enhancing existing technologies to advancing emerging technologies in solar PV, solar thermal and solar storage.

The Government has allocated AUD $25 million over the next four years, through the Carbon Capture and Storage Research Development and Demonstration (RD&D) fund, to reduce technical and commercial barriers to the deployment of large-scale CCS projects and thereby encourage industry investment in further deployment of the technology. The fund extends previous research activities to implement CCS for Australian conditions and will provide RD&D support in particular for transport and storage of carbon dioxide.

Through the Australian Research Council, the Government is funding projects that foster stronger industry and university linkages, including a research project that seeks to advance the field of heat transfer in high-temperature systems involving liquid metals, with emphasis on energy storage and solar power technologies. Through ARENA, the Government has allocated over AUD $120 million to fund residential and commercial battery storage projects and solar thermal energy storage projects in Australia, which will help to smooth out renewable energy variability, reduce peak loads, allow utilities to better manage power supply and demand, and potentially mitigate the need for network upgrades.

In December 2015 the Government announced its National Innovation and Science Agenda (the NISA agenda) which outlines how innovation and science will assist in transforming the economy following the mining boom. The Agenda builds on existing actions the Government has taken and focusses on four key pillars: culture and capital; collaboration; talent and skills; and government as an exemplar.

Announced as part of the NISA agenda, Innovation and Science Australia (ISA) will be established as an independent statutory board to provide advice to government on all science, research and innovation matters. ISA will audit the performance of the current Australian innovation, science and research system, including clean energy research, and develop a long-term 15-year strategic plan for innovation, science and research in Australia.

The Government’s new National Energy Productivity Plan sets a target of improving Australia’s energy productivity by 40 per cent between 2015 and 2030, which will drive innovation in energy efficiency technologies and lead the way in transforming our electricity network.

Australian scientists and researchers are making world-leading contributions to the development of clean energy technologies, including in solar PV, solar thermal, wave energy, and biofuels. We are committed to driving innovation and deployment of these technologies on the world stage. Australian innovation has been successfully commercialised in the global marketplace. For example, University of New South Wales photovoltaics innovation will be embedded within almost half of all new solar panels sold globally by 2020.

Our world class universities and research institutions, including the CSIRO, will continue to collaborate with our international colleagues and organisations to unlock new ideas and transitional pathways in the energy sector.

We will continue to build international partnerships to improve commercial opportunities for Australian renewable energy technology, such as the Australia-US Solar Thermal Research Initiative and the Australia-US Institute for Advanced Photovoltaics.

The Paris Agreement signals a global transition to a lower emissions economy and more climate resilient growth. The Australian Government recognises the critical role that clean energy will play in global efforts to reduce emissions, grow national economies and create the jobs of the future. Australia has invested AUD $22 million in the Private Sector Investment Development Group’s InfraCo Asia program which focuses on the development of infrastructure projects, primarily energy. Australia will also invest at least AUD $1 billion in climate finance over the next five years to reduce emissions, build resilience and support climate action consistent with economic development, including in the energy sector.

Australia will review its domestic climate policy settings in 2017 to ensure they are geared towards our 2030 target and the Paris Agreement. The review will ensure that Australia’s policy settings are calibrated to deliver on the commitment to Mission Innovation.

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Brazil will seek to double its government and/or state directed investment in clean energy technology innovation over the next five years, focusing on renewable and clean energy technologies with the potential to reduce the cost, accelerate public and private partnerships for research, development, demonstration and deployment, and achieve meaningful scale to meet our energy security, economic prosperity, environment sustainability and climate change challenges.

The participation of renewables in the Brazilian energy matrix is around 45%, where the flagships are the sugar-cane ethanol and hydropower. The share of renewable energy sources in our electricity mix varies between 70% and 90%, which includes hydropower, biomass, wind power, and more recently, solar PV. In line with its goal to expand the use of renewable energy sources, Brazil intends that its total energy matrix reaches, by 2030, a share of 28% to 33% from renewable sources (electricity and biofuels) other than hydropower. Brazil also intends to increase the share of renewables – beyond hydropower – in its electricity generation mix to the level of at least 23% by 2030.

In 2015 the Brazilian Government spent approximately R$ 600 million (US$ 150 million) on clean energy technology research, development and demonstration activities. Brazil will seek to double this figure over the next five years. The full suite of low carbon technologies will be considered, including end use energy efficiency, renewable energy, biofuels, nuclear energy, electric grid technologies, carbon capture and storage and advanced transportation systems.

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Protecting the environment and growing the economy go hand in hand. Clean technologies are a key component of the Government of Canada’s approach to promoting sustainable economic growth and will play a crucial role in Canada’s transformation into a low-carbon economy. Investing in the research, development and demonstration (RD&D) of clean energy technologies accelerates the innovation required to bring these technologies closer to commercialization. This will help meet climate change objectives, increase the productivity and competitiveness of Canadian firms, and create clean jobs.

At the same time, the imperative to mitigate climate change is urgent and growing, and the Government of Canada is embracing its responsibility to invest in energy research, development and technology demonstration at all stages of the innovation spectrum, from high-risk, early stage research that can deliver transformative energy solutions, to later stage technology demonstrations to help speed the commercialization and adoption of cleaner energy technologies.

That is why in November 2015, Prime Minister Trudeau joined with 19 other world leaders to launch Mission Innovation, through which participants have agreed to double government investment in clean energy innovation over five years, while encouraging private sector leadership in clean energy. Through its participation in Mission Innovation, the Government of Canada aims to:

• Double federal spending on clean energy innovation by 2019-20.
• Encourage private sector investment in early-stage clean energy innovation companies in Canada; and
• Increase domestic and international collaboration to advance Mission Innovation goals.

Since the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, the Government of Canada has moved quickly to take the necessary steps to begin implementation of its Mission Innovation commitment.

On March 22, 2016, the Government of Canada announced its Budget. The Budget highlights Canada’s participation in Mission Innovation, and reiterates the Government’s commitment to support Canada’s transition to a low-carbon economy, and secure a cleaner, more sustainable environment by addressing climate change and air pollution. Through Budget 2016, the Government of Canada has signaled to Canadians, and the world, its intent to accelerate the use of clean, renewable energy while simultaneously finding greener ways of producing and using fossil fuels during the global transition to the low carbon economy of the future.

In support of this vision, Budget 2016 announced a number of early strategic funding proposals, including:

• $82.5 million, over 2 years, to Natural Resources Canada for the support of research, development and demonstration of clean energy technologies with the greatest potential to reduce GHG emissions from Canada’s five largest-emitting economic sectors: oil and gas, electricity generation, transportation, buildings, and heavy industry.
• $46 million, over 2 years, to Natural Resources Canada for the support of technology demonstration projects that advance electric vehicle charging technology.
• $50 million, over 2 years, to Natural Resources Canada for investment in technologies that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the oil and gas sector.
• $50 million, over 4 years, to Sustainable Development Technology Canada for clean technology projects that support the development and demonstration of new technologies that address climate change, air quality, clean water, and clean soil.
• $30 million, annually, to Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council Canada for investigator-led discovery research in the natural sciences and engineering.
• $50 million, annually, in increased spending by Regional Development Agencies to support clean technology activities.
• $20 million, over 8 years starting in 2018, to create two additional Canada Excellence Research Chairs in fields related to clean and sustainable technology.

In addition to the initiatives listed above, the Government committed through Budget 2016 to invest over $1 billion over four years to support clean technology in the natural resource sectors, including energy, which will play a critical role in Canada’s transformation into a low-carbon economy; $2.9B over five years for activities that address climate change and air pollution issues, including taking action to reduce emissions from Canada’s largest sources – transportation and energy; and $5B over 5 years for investment in green infrastructure, beginning in 2017.

The Government of Canada is also working to boost domestic and international collaboration that will contribute to advancing Mission Innovation goals. On the domestic front, in March 2016, Prime Minister Trudeau convened a First Ministers’ meeting with his provincial and territorial counterparts to launch the development of the pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change. The Framework will serve as the basis for action to meet or exceed Canada’s 2030 emissions targets, and transition Canada to a stronger, more resilient low-carbon economy – while improving Canadians’ quality of life. In recognition of the critical role that energy technology innovation plays in climate change mitigation, the Framework will include recommendations to advance clean technology, innovation and jobs, which will align efforts at all levels of government. In addition, the federal government will work with provincial and territorial governments on work underway through the Canadian Energy Strategy, in order to contribute to the pan-Canadian Framework.

Internationally, the Government of Canada is actively seeking opportunities with international partners to expand its collaboration on clean energy research, development and technology demonstration activities. For example, Prime Minister Trudeau met in March 2016 with United States President Barack Obama in Washington D.C., during which the two leaders issued a Joint Statement on Climate, Energy and Arctic Leadership that included a pledge to leverage participation in Mission Innovation and strengthen collaboration on clean energy research and development for: reducing methane emissions; improving electrical grids; accelerating electric vehicle development and integration; unconventional oil and gas; carbon capture, use and storage; and, new cutting-edge technologies.

Canada is also working trilaterally with its North American partners, the United States and Mexico, through the Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Climate Change and Energy Collaboration that was signed in Winnipeg on February 12, 2016.

Other key Mission Innovation country partners with whom Canada is pursuing collaboration include China and South Korea. As a result, a Joint Declaration on Canada-China Clean Technology Cooperation was signed in Ottawa on February 25, 2016. Natural Resources Canada signed a Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Innovation and Energy Technologies with the Korean Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy on March 3, 2016 at the GLOBE Summit in Vancouver.

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In support of economic growth, energy access and security, and an urgent and lasting global response to climate change, China jointly announced the “Mission Innovation”, to accelerate the pace of clean energy innovation to achieve performance breakthroughs and cost reductions to provide affordable and reliable clean energy solutions that will revolutionize energy systems throughout the world over the next two decades and beyond.

I. Baseline and target

The R&D input of China in clean energy totaled 25 billion RMB (roughly 3.8 billion US dollars) in 2015, which was set as the baseline and baseline year of China on “Mission Innovation”.

China’s Doubling Plan target on “Mission Innovation” seeks to double the governmental and/or state-directed investment in clean energy research and development over five years, which means increasing in the input to 50 billion RMB (roughly 7.6 billion dollars) by 2020.

II. Priority Fields input

The Chinese Government is promoting the revolution of energy production and consumption. China is dedicated to clean and efficient utilization of coal resources, and the development of non-coal energy, oil, gas, so as to form an energy supply system driven by balanced development of coal, nuclear and new energy and renewable energy, simultaneously consolidating the power transmission and distribution net, as well as the construction of storage facilities.

Resources’ saving is explicitly emphasized in the strategy of “Comprehensively promoting the development of an ecological civilization”. The Chinese Government is dedicated to economic and concentrated utilization of resources, to promote fundamental change of energy utilization, and strengthen the whole process management to sharply reduce the density of energy consumption, including energy, water, land, and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of energy utilization, to facilitate the revolution of energy production and consumption, support the development of energy-efficient and low-carbon industries, new energy and renewable energy industries.

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Denmark has chosen to strengthen our dedicated public investment in clean energy research, development and demonstration focusing on reduction of technology costs and CO2 emissions and with an emphasis on innovative projects that can be replicated and scaled up with the involvement of private investors. We will seek to double these efforts departing from a baseline of the average funding to the Danish Energy Technology Development and Demonstration Programme (EUDP) of the years 2015-2016 and until 2020.

Energy Technology and Demonstration Programme

The Danish energy research programme, Energy Technology and Demonstration Programme (EUDP), is institutionally part of the Danish Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate, and embedded in the Ministry’s energy agency, the Danish Energy Agency. EUDP funds energy related R&D projects based on the following provisions and strategies:

• The Act on EUDP of 22 December 2010, being the legal provision for the programme
• EUDP Strategies providing direction on areas and principles of support. The Strategies are reviewed and revised on a four-year basis
• Calls from the EUDP Secretariat providing detailed guidance for applicants
• Earmarked funding for politically designated areas.

Act on EUDP
The Act on EUDP is relatively broad in its scope as it aims at supporting the policy objectives of security of supply, considerations for the global climate and for a cleaner environment, as well increased cost-effectiveness. Specifically, it aims at making Denmark independent of fossil fuels. At the same time, the objective is to promote exploitation and development of business potentials and to foster growth and employment.

EUDP is tasked to:

• Provide funding primarily for development and demonstration projects;
• Actively promote public-private collaboration, and
• Strengthen involvement in international activities and programs within energy technology.

EUDP is a quasi-independent institution and is managed by an independent board comprising a chairperson and six members. The board members are appointed by the Minister for Energy, Utilities and Climate for a period of four years.
In terms of scope the vast majority of EUDP grants are allocated to the projects within the following fields of technology: biomass technologies, systems for transport and energy, wind power and other renewable energy technologies, hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, low energy buildings, energy efficient solutions energy system technologies (integration of technologies), energy efficiency measures for oil and gas, and more efficient and environmentally friendly production in general (heat and power), including CCS.

4-year rolling strategies
The EUDP board is responsible for drafting a four year strategy, which outlines key areas and principles for supporting and funding projects over the coming period. The strategy normally takes its point of departure in the strengths and needs of the Danish and the global energy systems. A key feature of the strategy is technology neutrality. Instead, more generic criteria such as cost-effectiveness and unique value-proposition are used as core principles when devising strategies. Another key feature is that the EUDP programme is evaluated after each four-year period in order to gauge its impact and efficiency. Currently, the acting board is drafting a new strategy for the period 2016-2019.

Open calls
The EUDP Secretariat publishes calls for proposals twice a year (spring and autumn), although the frequency depends on the amount of funding to be leveraged. Each call specifies in detail what is required of applicants. The calls are open calls where applicants are encouraged to display their own ideas and project proposals based on new technology and related business plans. Foreign companies, research institutions and universities are allowed to participate in EUDP-projects and to receive funding on an equal footing with Danish participants as long as the lead partner in the project is based in Denmark.

Earmarked funding
In exceptional cases where there is a political aspiration to provide direct stimulus to a specific field of technology in a national context, earmarked funding is provided through the annual Financial Act. Such funds are outlined in dedicated calls. However, these funds are administered in the same way as other EUDP funds and it is the board of EUDP that decides which projects will receive funding.

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Recent Statements by EU and EC Officials at the MI Ministerial meeting in San Francisco, June 2, 2016:

“As EU Presidency, we fully support the European Mission Innovation membership,” said The Netherlands Vice-Minister of Economic Affairs Maarten Camps.

“Clean energy is the future, so research and innovation must be at the forefront of our efforts to create sustainable, low-carbon economies,” said European Commissioner for Research, Science and Innovation Carlos Moedas. “In contributing to Mission Innovation, the European Commission aims to use the European Union’s leadership and political commitment to the development of low-carbon technologies, while sharing its extensive experience in coordinating international research and innovation collaboration, to accelerate the clean energy revolution."

"The European Commission is honoured to be part of Mission Innovation”, said European Commission Vice President for Energy, Maroš Šefčovič. “Scaling up clean energy innovation is key to the success of the European Energy Union and to the implementation of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. It also represents a major global economic and industrial opportunity. Mission Innovation, therefore, coheres perfectly with our upcoming research, innovation and competitiveness strategy.”

Key components of the EC’s Mission Innovation baseline and 5-year growth plan are outlined below.

Industry and Buildings

Buildings and industry account for a substantial share of the total energy consumption and offer high potential for saving energy thus decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. The focus of EU support is on sustainable construction technologies and on measures for an increased uptake of energy- efficient systems and materials in new, renovated and retrofitted buildings. On the industry side, the focus is on enabling technologies (e.g. innovative substances, materials) for the energy-intensive process industry (e.g. chemical, cement, pulp and paper, glass, minerals or non- ferrous metals and steel industries). More information is available here.

Vehicles & other transportation

The decarbonisation of transportation, especially road transport, is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The EU supports activities targeting transport cleaner technologies (i.e. more energy efficient and based on clean energy sources), as well as more efficient management and manufacturing processes for different transport modes (land transport, water transport, airborne transport). More information is available here.

Biofuels

Europe’s energy and climate goals require the development of new fuels and mobile energy sources, especially for use in transport. The EU supports different bioenergy pathways at different scales while minimising negative environmental and social impacts linked to land use. More information is available here.

Solar, wind & other renewables

Supporting the development of renewable energy technologies has been a major R&D priority for the EU for many years, in particular as regards photovoltaics, concentrated solar thermal, bioenergy, biofuels and renewable alternative fuels, wind, ocean energy, geothermal, hydropower and renewable heating and cooling. More information is available here.

Hydrogen & fuel cells

The EU supports activities on fuel cells and hydrogen (FCH) through the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (a public-private partnership) which covers mobile and stationary FCH applications for use in the energy and transport area. More information is available here.

CO2 capture & storage

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a key option that has to be widely deployed on a commercial scale at global level to meet the challenge of a decarbonised power generation and low-carbon industry by 2050. The EU supports the full CCS chain for a representative portfolio of different capture, transport, storage and re-use technology options. More information is available here.

Electricity grid

Electricity networks are at the heart of creating a pan-European market, integrating a massive increase of renewable energy sources and managing interactions between millions of suppliers and customers. The EU supports new components, technologies, and procedures which respond to the particularities of both the transmission and distribution side of the grid. More information is available here.

Energy storage

Novel energy storage means (including both batteries and large scale storage means such as power-to-gas) and vehicle systems will provide the required flexibility between production and demand. The EU supports energy storage technologies from small to large scale. More information is available here.

Basic research in energy

Novel, more efficient and cost-competitive as well as clean, safe and sustainable energy technologies will be required for the long term. The EU supports multi-disciplinary research to achieve scientific breakthroughs in energy-related concepts and enabling technologies (e.g. nano-science, material science, solid state physics, ICT, bio-science, geosciences, computation and space). More information is available here and here.

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To face climate change challenges and be collectively able to limit global warming under 2°C, innovation will be key. It will enable us to act simultaneously towards three major goals: reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, economic development and job creation, and energy security. These goals are at the heart of French energy transition for green growth act, which was passed in 2015 under the initiative of Ségolène Royal, Minister of environment, energy and the sea, president of the UNFCCC COP.

The main issue for emerging technologies and solutions is to go from the prototype stage to the market at a large scale. When new technologies manage to cross the “valley of death”, they are too often restricted to niche markets, usually because of high costs or risks. Although significant progess has been achieved in recent years, for instance in the field of renewable energy, which costs have fallen dramatically, investments are still short what is needed.

Mission innovation is about giving these new technologies and solutions the possibility to play a decisive role in the fight against climate change. The conjunction of public and private efforts at an unprecedented level must enable these revolutionary technologies to overcome barriers, accelerate their development and reach the mass market, to provide every country with reliable and affordable clean energy.

In that context, France committed on November 30th 2015, together with 19 other countries at the launch event of Mission Innovation, to doubling its state-directed public investments in research and development for clean energy over five years, compared to the average investment level during the 2012-2014 period.

These investments will focus on renewable energy, energy storage, carbon capture storage and use, and innovations aiming at improving energy efficiency (including in industry, buildings, transports, circular economy, and smart grids). They will cover the whole chain of innovation, from basic research to demonstration.

Over the 2012-2014, the average state-directed⁴ public investments in these areas, both through research funding agencies programmes and public research organisations budget allocations, amounted to 440 M€ per year in France, as was reported to the International Energy Agency. This constitutes the baseline for France to be doubled by 2020. Beyond direct funding to R&D and innovation projects, France has also set up complementary instruments, such as a tax credit (“Crédit impôt recherche”), with 5.5 billion euros in 2013 to support companies’ efforts in R&D in all sectors, including in clean energy. France also contributes significantly⁵ to the European programme Horizon 2020 on clean energy, that amounts to 9.8 billion euros for the 2014-2020 seven-year period.

The doubling effort in France will, for a large part, go through the “Programme d’Investissements d’Avenir” (PIA)⁶. A first round of this programme was launched in 2010 and a second round in 2014.

French agency of environment and energy management (ADEME) operates in this framework a programme⁷ with about 3 billion euros funding on the 2010-2020 period (for subsidies, repayable advances, and also private equity in startups and SPVs for first-of-a-kind projects) and has launched a series of calls for projects of demonstrators in the field of clean energy. Around 15 calls were opened at the beginning of year 2016 on various topics covering French perimeter for Mission Innovation and will help accelerating the funding of innovation in the coming months and years.

French agency of research (ANR) operates another PIA programme called “Instituts de la transition énergétique” (ITE) or “energy transition institutes”, with 1 billion euros funding on the 2010-2020 period. ITE gather private industries and public laboratories for the creation of new high standard companies dedicated to R&D and innovation in the field of clean energy: for instance, institute SUPERGRID⁸ is focused on future electric transmission grids, VEDECOM⁹ is specialized on sustainable mobility and connected vehicles, INES2¹⁰ and IPVF¹¹ are dedicated to solar energies, PIVERT¹² and IFMAS¹³ are focused on bio energies, etc.

A third round of the PIA will be launched by the end of 2016, with a total amount of funding of 10 billion euros. President Hollande announced in April that two thirds of this sum will be dedicated to the ecology and energy transition in general, including clean energy innovation in particular.

⁴ Local authorities funding is not included

⁵ France provided around 15.8 % of EU budget in 2014

⁶ http://www.gouvernement.fr/investissements-d-avenir-cgi

⁷ http://www.ademe.fr/entreprises-monde-agricole/innover-developper/programme-investissements-avenir-pia

⁸ http://www.supergrid-institute.com/en/home

⁹ http://vedecom.fr/en/

¹⁰ http://www.ines-solaire.org/

¹¹ http://www.ipvf.fr/en/

¹² http://www.institut-pivert.com/?lang=en

¹³ http://www.ifmas.eu/

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President’s Budget Proposal to Advance Mission Innovation

In November 2015 at the COP 21 meeting in Paris chancellor Angela Merkel joined Mission Innovation. Within Mission Innovation 21 countries (incl. EU) share the commitment of doubling their investments in research, development and innovation for clean energy technologies. This is a huge step forward for the promotion of clean energy worldwide.

The Transformation of our energy systems towards reliable and cost effective clean energy is a fundamental part of an effective, long-term global response to our shared climate challenge. Therefore, the Federal Government welcomes and supports this important international initiative Mission Innovation. A step-change, global effort is required to accelerate the pace of technology advance and cost reduction for clean energy. Research and development are an indispensable prerequisite to achieve these goals with our knowledge, creativity and inventive spirit being our most important resources. We need to work together with all interested countries and bundle our competencies to make a difference.

The Federal Government has a pioneering role by early on focussing its energy policy towards an energy system based on high efficiency and renewable energy sources. In September 2010, the Federal Government laid out the plan for the medium to long-term energy supply in Germany with its Energy Concept. After the earthquake disaster in Japan in March 2011 and the resulting flooding of the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, the Federal Government re-assessed the role of nuclear power and set the cornerstones for an energy turnaround: nuclear phase-out and a focus on Higher Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources. This turnaround in energy policy known as the “Energiewende” has attracted attention worldwide. Central goals are the halving of primary energy consumption by 2050 and the expansion of renewable energies to an amount of 60 percent of gross final energy consumption. At present, a third of German electricity comes from wind, solar and others. In addition energy is used more economically. Germany was thus able to cut the output of harmful greenhouse gases by almost 25% between 1990 and 2012. The energy transition has furthermore opened up important new fields of business. New global markets have arisen in the wake of the expansion of renewable energy sources and efficient use of energy.

Nevertheless, the currently available energy technologies might not be sufficient to eventually realize these ambitious goals while preserving security of supply and the level of prosperity.  The Federal Government therefore resolutely focused its funding for research and development on technologies for the energy transition. At the core of this are intelligent solutions in the areas of energy efficiency, energy conservation, renewable energy and supply systems (including storage, grids and ancillary system services through renewable energy).

But the energy transition is not a matter of technological and economic feasibility alone. It is a national task involving every citizen and affecting all levels of policy-making. The energy transition can only be achieved if related technological advances are backed by our citizens. This requires thematically comprehensive and system-oriented research approaches.  Within the framework of project funding questions of implementation and social acceptance need to be taken into account in setting priorities for energy research.

Three Federal Ministries work in close collaboration under one comprehensive energy research program (6. German Energy Research Programme). Thereby, the competencies of the different Ministries complement each other to promote and support research for the “Energiewende” along the whole innovation chain.

In accordance with our commitment to Mission Innovation the Federal Government intends to double its federal budget for research, development, demonstration and innovation for clean energy within five years. By 2020 the Federal Government is aiming to provide more than 900 Mio. € for funding programmes which qualify under the objectives of Mission Innovation.

The Federal Government will further increase its already high efforts for clean energy research and development to support the process of the Federal Energy Concept (“Energiewende”). Funding programmes will be focused on the main pillars of the 6. German Energy Research Programme: energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies.

At the core of the 6 German Energy Research Programme are the following topics and measures.

Within the renewable energies area the most prioritized measures will be as follow:

• Photovoltaic: Increase of efficiency, reduction of cost, increase of lifetime and reliability of all components and the whole system, reduction of material use
• Windenergy: development for onshore and offshore application, reduction of cost, increase of availability and environmental compatibility.
• Current funding measures (a selection): Storage technologies and Smart Electricity Grids, Energy Storage, Material Research for the Energy Switch

In the field of energy efficiency following activities have highest priorities:

• Industry, trade and services: R&D of innovative components, new processes and method for decreasing energy demand, anhance demonstration for an accelerated transfer of R&D results
• Building sector: Exploatation of potentials for efficiency increases and integration of renewable technologies in the heat sector. A new funding initiative “Solar Buildings / Energy efficient Cities” has been started recently.

Recently, the funding initiative Kopernikus Projects for the energy transition has been started. Their name giver, the famous mathematician and astronom Nikolaus Kopernikus, stands for scientific excellence, courage, and a new conception of the world. The Kopernikus Projects are comprehensive initiative for the energy transition so far dealing with the four topics: Future Grid Structures, Power-to-X, Industry Processes, and Energy Systems Integration. In these projects large consortia consisting of scientific institutions and universities, private companies, and organized civil society work together for up to ten years to develop technological solutions for the energy system transformation. High-level representatives from over 90 institutions and organisations contributed their views and opinions to identify the four most important topics for a successful “Energiewende”.

In addition to these measures within the German Energy Research Programme the Federal Government will take up new programmes which will complement the activities for research and technological development. These programmes e.g. for large scale demonstration in different regions of Germany of the future energy system with large amounts of fluctuating renewable energy or technology introduction measures for house hold fuel cell systems are in preparation.

Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy

Federal Ministry of Research and Education

Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture

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Government of India is committed to support clean energy research and is pursuing a green path to growth. The Government of India has announced an ambitious plan for deployment of 175 GW renewable energy capacity by 2022 which includes 100 GW of solar 60 GW wind, 10 GW from Biomass and 5 GW from small hydro power. The Government has also embarked on a Major Mission for construction of 100 Smart Cities which includes a blue print with adequate provision for use of renewables and energy efficient technologies.

The National Policy on Biofuels of the Government mandates a blending of biofuels of approx.. 20% by 2017. This is an ambitious target and R&D for new technology and feed stock is being supported to achieve this.

Clean Energy includes

• Energy Efficiency
• Industry
• Residential and commercial buildings, appliances and equipment
• Transport
• Renewable Energy Sources
• Solar energy
• On-shore Wind energy
• Off-shore Wind energy
• Ocean energy
• Biofuels
• Geothermal energy
• Hydroelectricity
• Other renewable energy sources
• Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
• Hydrogen
• Fuel cells
• Other power and storage technologies
• Electric power generation (advance but non-renewable)
• Electricity transmission and distribution
• Energy storage (non-transport applications)
• Smart Grids
• Other cross-cutting technologies or research
• Energy system analysis
• Basic energy research that cannot be allocated to a specific category

While priority Research, Development and Demonstration Deployment in Clean Energy is supported by the Scientific Ministries is supported by different line Ministries of the Government, key Government Departments engaged in Research, Development and Demonstration for Clean Energy are

• Ministry of Science & Technology (DBT and DST, CSIR)
• Ministry of Power
• Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
• Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change
• Ministry of Defense Director, DRDO 
• Department of Atomic Energy
• Ministry of Earth Sciences
• Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
• Ministry of External Affairs

To meet the ambitious target there is a major focus on accelerating innovation research and demonstration in Clean Energy. Clean Energy Research and demonstration is being supported in Public and Private sectors through research institutions, Universities and Laboratories in priority areas.

For R&D and demonstration projects, grants are provided to academic institutions, research organizations, specialized centers and industry. Strengthening of existing R&D centers and setting up of specialized centers in high technology areas is also considered. Linkages are established between the organizations / agencies undertaking technology development and the user organisations. Transfer of know-how is facilitated to industry. Participation by industry in R&D and technology development is encouraged with increased investment by industry with a view to achieve global competitiveness.
International scientific and technical cooperation in the area of clean energy is established in accordance with national priorities and socio-economic development strategies and goals. Modalities of such cooperation include joint research and technology development, field studies, pilot scale plants and demonstration projects with active involvement of research institutions and industry on either side. Technology induction / transfer is facilitated, where necessary, with time-bound goals for indigenization and local manufacturing. Appropriate bilateral and multi-lateral cooperation programmes for sharing of technologies and funding are developed, and participation in international partnerships, where necessary is also explored.

There is a concerted effort to enhance the pace of innovation and scale of transformation so that we can launch a clean energy revolution to meet the requirements and goals for economic and energy security in a timely manner.

This will be achieved by

• Strengthening and scaling up research in existing program.
• Enhanced International Cooperation in priority areas
• Public Private Partnership with private sector investment
• Strengthening capacity building for specific skilled requirement.

Plans to double the investments (DB): The specific plans to double the investment in next 4 to 5 years is as follows:

Intensifying research efforts on:

• Promoting India centric innovation for Clean Energy Proliferation
• National, bilateral and multilateral joint virtual centres on clean energy themes
• Technology platform led by industry for select technologies
• Scaled up funding to academic/ R&D institutions as well as R&D units in the industry for research on identified topics relevant to clean energy.
• National, bilateral and multilateral capacity building programmes in clean energy.
• Setting up demand oriented mission programmes on clean energy technologies.
• Developing models for last mile connectivity for technology leads obtained through R&D.
• Setting up Demonstration models / pilot plants for developed technologies.
• Working with all stakeholders to translation of research outputs for end use deployment.

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Under approval of the Cabinet of Ministers, and subject to budget law approval

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We have been positively working on R&Ds on energy and environmental fields. The amount of public investments on the R&Ds in our country are the second largest following US, and the first among the major developed countries as a share of GDP

For instance, since the mid-1970s, Japan has been promoting R&Ds of technologies in the field of energy and environment including photovoltaic cells, heat pumps and fuel cells, under the national strategies such as the “Sunshine Project” and the “Moonlight Project”.  Based on such long-term strategies, Japan has realized breakthrough innovations including widely diffusion of solar energy generation and the commercialization of fuel-cell vehicles, ahead of the rest of the world.

In order to accelerate R&Ds of innovative technologies for drastically reducing GHG emissions in the long-term, Japan has established a new national strategy, the “National Energy and Environment Innovation Strategy towards 2050 (NESTI2050)”, in this April.  Under this strategy, Japan will identify such promising technologies as next-generation batteries and technologies related to hydrogen and will focus to conducting R&Ds on these technologies. This effort is in line with that of MI.

We propose the registration of the FY 2016 as its base year and 45 billion yen for its baseline amount. Further, we will try to allocate as much budget as possible to the fields of innovative technologies looking ahead to the year of 2050 in NESTI2050. Even if there are financial constraints, we will aim at doubling the budget in five years.

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The Republic of Korea will endeavor to double its governmental and/or state-directed clean energy research and development investment over five years from USD $490 million in fiscal year 2016 to USD $980 million in fiscal year 2021.

The increased investment will be concentrated in clean energy technologies:  renewables, energy efficiency improvement, clean thermal power, smart grids, carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), energy storage systems (ESS), nuclear power, etc.

As announced at COP21 in Paris, the Korean government, seeing the climate change response as an opportunity for growth, is exerting its efforts in new energy industries to develop and demonstrate new energy business models* using clean energy technologies. It aims to support the growth of new energy industries by attracting more private investment through preemptive public investment in developing clean energy technologies.

New energy industries are expected to create a market worth approximately USD $100 billion by 2030, providing various business opportunities to companies around the world. The Republic of Korea hopes to see Mission Innovation lay the foundation for effective coordination of public-private investment, thereby contributing to global climate change response and economic growth.

* DSM (Demand Side Management) trading market, EV battery leasing and charging service project, solar PV rental project, etc.

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Saudi Arabia believes that technology provides the answer to climate change challenges. Technology has done so for mankind throughout history and it requires greater innovation, collaboration and investments to address climate change.

Saudi Arabia is pursuing technology innovation on greenhouse gas management, energy efficiency and renewable energy. The Kingdom established a technology roadmap that encompass the following five areas: (i) capture fixed sources, (ii) carbon dioxide reduction from mobile sources such as cars, marine, trains, (iii) industrial applications for polymers, carbon fiber, construction materials, and chemicals, (iv) carbon dioxide storage in saline water aquifers, (v) and carbon capture, utilization, and storage. In addition, the Kingdom is investing in developing and implementing a renewable energy program as well as energy efficiency technologies in areas such as air-conditioning and thermal insulation.

The Kingdom is currently active at the national level through specialized science and technology cities, universities, centers, nationally owned companies as well as the private sector in promoting R&D in these focus areas. Collaboration in these focus areas are encouraged with international research centers to advance innovation in the clean energy technology domain.

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Background

Sweden has had a government funded Energy RD&D programme since 1975.

The programme is currently focused on six different thematic areas within clean energy and in general finances activities on renewable energy and energy efficiency.

The six thematic areas are 1) Biobased Energy Systems, 2) Energy in the Built environment, 3) The Electricity System, 4) Energy in Transport, 5) Energy Intensive Industry, and 6) Energy System Studies. The thematic area 3) also includes non-fuel based electricity production, i.e. wind, solar, marine, etc. Fission, fusion or fossil fuel technologies are currently not included at all. Energy in transport focuses on renewable transport fuels as well as the electrification of road traffic etc.

The programme uses a portfolio of tools from energy relevant basic research to large scale demonstration, seed capital and product development.

There is also a mix between programmes, centres and projects with specific technology aims and goals as well as programmes and projects that are bottom-up and freely formulated by researchers and industry.

Doubling

For the Mission Innovation, Sweden has chosen to double the parts of our energy R&I that focus on long-term, transformative research and development, and that fund projects formulated bottom-up by researchers/industry.

We will seek to double these efforts departing from a consolidated base of the average funding of the years 2013-2015 and until 2020. An average number is chosen because of variations in the funding over time.

The baseline number of 134 million SEK relates to the activities of Basic Energy Research, Innovative and energy relevant research and development, and energy relevant Strategic Innovation Areas. These three programmes are characterized by not having a specific technology focus beyond being original and excellent and addressing the energy challenge within the overall focus of renewables, efficiency, electricity and energy transmission and distribution, and energy systems.

The above mentioned activities are to be doubled by 2020.

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Efforts are made to have a balanced portfolio of themes, activities and funding instruments in the Swedish Energy R&I programme.

One aspect of this is the need for activities that are open for new ideas and new ways of tackling the energy challenge. So, while many of the programmes, centres and projects are initiated as an answer to detailed and technically specified calls of proposals, there are some programmes that are open for new and unexpected ideas. A need for boosting these kinds of activities has been highlighted. Also, the need for transformative R&D has been mentioned in the writings leading up to the establishment of the Breakthrough Energy Coalition. Sweden’s doubling pledge is just about this kind of action.

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In addition we are already on track to increasing the total programme on Energy R&I.

A baseline funding for the entire programme was established by a decision in 2007. This baseline was around 900 million SEK in the period 2007–2012. A baseline calculated as an average for the period 2013–2015 would be 1 139 million SEK. This value is calculated on the actual payment to all the projects in the programme, not the budget allocation.

An increase is to be expected from this baseline and forward. Decisions on general funding are taken in four year periods, and more in detail for each fiscal year. Proposals for coming years are currently being developed.

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The UAE leadership has launched the UAE Vision 2021 strategy which aims to make the UAE among the best countries in the world by the Golden Jubilee of the Union. In order to translate the Vision into reality, its pillars have been mapped into six national priorities which represent the key focus sectors of government action in the coming years and this includes Competitive Knowledge Economy and Sustainable Environment and Infrastructure. Reflecting the UAE Vision 2021, clean energy is core to the UAE’s INDC, which sets a national target to increase clean energy to 24% of the total electricity generation mix by 2021, from under less than 1% today. Advancing innovation and technological breakthroughs is critical to addressing climate change and also aligns with the UAE’s long-term commitment to diversify our economy and energy mix. On November 30th 2015 the UAE joined the world leaders in Paris to launch Mission Innovation which aims to accelerate the public and private global clean energy innovation with the objective to make clean energy widely affordable.

In 2014, the UAE launched a National Innovation Strategy and the Science and Technology with the aim of making the UAE one of the most innovative nations in the world within seven years. The strategy aims at: insuring an innovation friendly ecosystem (including enhanced regulatory framework, technology infrastructure, supporting services, investments and incentives); creating a culture of innovation among individuals, firms, and the public sector; focusing on seven main sectors to lead innovation on the national level. Renewable and Clean Energy is one among the seven main sectors identified by the government.

Following the launch of the National Innovation Strategy the Science Technology and Innovation policy was prepared and which identified 24 focus areas including Solar and Alternative Energy Technology Systems and Smart City Applications and Solutions. Under the guidance of the national strategies the UAE is moving towards innovation in clean energy and energy efficiency to address economic growth and energy security.

In line with the vision of the mission innovation the UAE pledges the doubling clean energy R&D by 2021 based on the baseline set in 2015. These support highlight UAE’s strong believe in research and development for resolving the challenge which hinder the implementation of clean energy and energy efficiency programs in UAE.

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Access to secure, affordable, clean energy is critical to the world’s ability to keeping global warming below 2 degrees. We have seen the cost of some clean energy technologies fall significantly in recent years but more innovation across a range of technologies is needed if we are to meet the challenges of population growth, increased consumption and increased urbanisation in a sustainable manner.

The UK has a long history and strong capabilities in research, development and demonstration (RD&D). We want to ensure we harness and support the creativeness, ingenuity and entrepreneurship of our universities and businesses in tackling the challenge of making clean affordable energy widely available. Doing so will require both public and private sector investors to invest more in energy RD&D and to work in far closer partnership to ensure that the best ideas are developed, tested and pulled through to market as quickly as possible. Investing in low carbon energy now will drive down the costs and ensure countries can take more ambitious action to cut their emissions before 2030 and grow their economies sustainably in the long term. For those reasons the UK government is delighted to have joined with other countries and private sector investors as part of Mission Innovation.

As part of our commitment to the goals of Mission Innovation the UK will, over the next 5 years, seek to double our central government spending on clean energy technology research, development and demonstration projects that support Mission Innovation’s objectives. On average over the last 3 years UK central government has invested circa £200m per annum in relevant clean energy research, development and demonstration. In 2020/21 we therefore expect to invest in excess of £400m (c.US$600m). This investment will also be complemented and enhanced by other regional investments as well as by funding for research in related areas that could also support our clean energy objectives.

Our programmes will include support for the full range of RD&D projects from early stage, disruptive ideas through to partnerships with private sector investors to test and prove new technologies in real world applications as an enabler of widespread deployment. We wish to focus our resources on those areas where we can have the optimal impact to deliver our programme objectives and we are currently developing the details of our plans for the 5 years to 2020/21, informed in part by the insights Mission Innovation is providing us. Our clean energy innovation programme includes more than £250m over 5 years of investment in Nuclear Research and Development, including Small Modular Reactors, and in excess of £50m over 5 years for Smart Energy Systems. Further details of our priorities and plans will be announced later in 2016 and we will share that detail with fellow Mission Innovation countries.

We expect that our programmes will accelerate technology development that will have benefits for developed and developing countries alike, but as part of that up to £100m (£40m from DECC SR ODA allocation, the rest from other departments) of our total spend in 2020 will be specifically focused on projects that will help address the energy needs of developing countries.

Investing more is a critical step but we also need to ensure we maximise the positive impacts of our increased investment. The UK has been championing the need for greater transparency on clean energy objectives and plans and for more collaboration between public funders and between public & private investors. By working together we can maximise our collective impact. The UK will therefore continue to prioritise working with Mission Innovation partners to ensure this important component of Mission Innovation is delivered.

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In November, President Obama and other world leaders came together in Paris to launch Mission Innovation, a landmark commitment to dramatically accelerate public and private global clean energy innovation. Through the initiative, 20 countries representing at least 80 percent of global clean energy research and development (R&D) budgets committed to double their governments’ R&D investments in this domain over five years. These additional resources will dramatically accelerate the availability of the advanced technologies that will define a future global energy mix that is clean, affordable, and reliable.

The same gathering marked the launch of the Breakthrough Energy Coalition, an independent initiative spearheaded by Bill Gates.  The Breakthrough Energy Coalition is a group of 28 influential investors from 10 countries committed to providing “patient”, early-stage capital that will take innovative technologies from the world’s great laboratories and help build them into energy solutions at scale.  In the past, too often promising energy technologies have not crossed the investment “valley of death,” where there was insufficient private-sector funding to develop ideas that require a long time horizon to achieve commercial readiness.

While the Breakthrough Energy Coalition is an independent effort and not formally affiliated with Mission Innovation, it is committing to help bridge that valley of death for those technologies developed in the countries that sign up for Mission Innovation and that have the best chance of providing reliable, affordable energy for everyone.

Accelerating clean energy innovation is essential to achieving the goal of limiting the rise in global temperatures to well below 2˚C. While significant progress has been made in cost reduction and deployment of many clean energy technologies, the pace of innovation and the scale of transformation risk falling short of what is required. Mission Innovation and the Breakthrough Energy Coalition constitute powerful complementary efforts to expand research and development for cutting-edge clean energy technologies and support a new generation of scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs.

Mobilizing private-sector investment continues to be a key component the Administration’s clean energy innovation strategy, such as through the Administration’s Clean Energy Investment Initiative, which has catalyzed more than $4 billion of independent commitments by major foundations, institutional investors, and other long-term investors, along with executive actions to scale up investment in clean energy innovation.

To reinvigorate global efforts in clean energy innovation, all participants in such efforts share a common goal to develop and scale breakthrough technologies and substantial cost reductions to enable the global community to meet our shared climate goals, increase access to clean and affordable energy, support economic development, and strengthen energy security.

Today, President Obama announced the next step in advancing the U.S. commitment to Mission Innovation, laying out his proposal to double federal investment in clean energy research and development from $6.4 billion in FY 2016 to $12.8 billion in FY 2021.

This investment portfolio spans the full range of research and development activities – from use-inspired basic research to demonstration. Doubling this investment will require about a 15 percent increase in clean energy R&D funding in each of the five years of the pledge. The FY 2017 Budget makes the Administration’s commitment clear by providing $7.7 billion in discretionary funding for clean energy R&D across 12 agencies, which is approximately 20 percent above the FY 2016 level.

Mission Innovation investments include:

Department of Energy (DOE). About 80 percent of the government-wide Mission Innovation investment supports DOE research, development, and demonstration activities across the spectrum of clean energy technologies. FY 2017 DOE highlights include:

• Over $105 million for new innovation initiatives to accelerate the rate of invention and successful commercialization of sustainable transportation, renewable power, and energy efficiency technologies, including expanded innovation partnerships with the National Laboratories;
• Over $110 million for new Regional Clean Energy Innovation Partnerships that will support clean energy R&D solutions targeted to the unique characteristics of each region, and draw upon the strengths of each region’s innovation ecosystem;
• Over $261 million for advanced clean energy manufacturing R&D projects and facilities, including two new National Network for Manufacturing Innovation Institutes;
• Over $880 million in cutting-edge sustainable transportation technologies to increase the affordability and convenience of advanced vehicles and domestic renewable fuels;
• Over $500 million to increase the use and reduce the costs of clean renewable power from solar, wind, water, and geothermal energy, including $213 million to support the SunShot Initiative mission to make solar energy fully cost-competitive with traditional energy sources before the end of this decade;
• Over $1.8 billion in basic clean energy research on energy production, conversion, storage, and use, as well on as advancing our understanding of the earth and its climate;
• Over $804 million for programs and infrastructure that support the advancement of nuclear energy technologies, including R&D in advanced nuclear reactor technologies, life extension for existing power plants, and advanced nuclear fuels;
• Over $177 million to support grid modernization, resiliency, and integration of clean energy into the grid; and
• Nearly $564 million in research focused predominantly on development and deployment of carbon capture and storage technologies as well as other approaches to improve the emissions performance of energy generated from fossil fuels.

Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E). The Budget includes $350 million in Mission Innovation discretionary funding for DOE’s ARPA-E, which supports transformational applied clean energy R&D across a wide array of technologies.

Beyond these discretionary funds the Budget also includes $150 million in mandatory funding for ARPA-E in 2017 as part of the ARPA-E Trust proposal, which seeks $1.85 billion over five years in mandatory funding for the program. Under that proposal, the FY 2021 budget for ARPA-E would grow to approximately $1 billion.

National Science Foundation (NSF). The Budget includes $512 million for NSF research in a wide array of energy technology areas such as the conversion, storage, and distribution of diverse power sources, and the science and engineering of energy materials.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The Budget includes $348 million for clean energy research at NASA in areas such as revolutionary aircraft technologies and configurations to enable fuel-efficient, low-carbon air transportation.

Department of Agriculture (USDA). The Budget includes $106 million at USDA for competitive and intramural research funding to support development of bio-based energy sources that range from sustainable and economical forest systems and farm products to increased production of biofuels. These investments build on an ongoing commitment to advance renewable energy deployment and increase access to clean energy for all Americans.

Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The Budget expands HUD’s clean energy R&D efforts to help facilitate builders, property owners and tenants to take actions that result in improved energy efficiency or expanded use of low- and no-carbon energy sources. This $10 million effort includes the creation of an advisory group of researchers, builders, tenants, and homeowners to design and implement studies on how to facilitate long-term behavior change in the housing sector, and the evaluation of a clean energy pilot intended to incentivize multifamily property owners and tenants to reduce energy consumption.

U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). USAID will establish a new R&D effort through the Global Development Lab and the Global Climate Change Initiative that will support joint efforts in clean energy – such as electric vehicles or affordable energy-self-sufficient, or net-zero-energy, housing and community buildings – that are important to developing nations.